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LESSKEY(1) LESSKEY(1)
NAME
lesskey - specify key bindings for less
SYNOPSIS
lesskey [-o output] [--] [input]
lesskey [--output=output] [--] [input]
lesskey -V
lesskey --version
DESCRIPTION
Lesskey is used to specify a set of key bindings to be used by less.
The input file is a text file which describes the key bindings, If the
input file is "-", standard input is read. If no input file is speci-
fied, a standard filename is used as the name of the input file, which
depends on the system being used: On Unix systems, $HOME/.lesskey is
used; on MS-DOS systems, $HOME/_lesskey is used; and on OS/2 systems
$HOME/lesskey.ini is used, or $INIT/lesskey.ini if $HOME is undefined.
The output file is a binary file which is used by less. If no output
file is specified, and the environment variable LESSKEY is set, the
value of LESSKEY is used as the name of the output file. Otherwise, a
standard filename is used as the name of the output file, which
depends on the system being used: On Unix and OS-9 systems,
$HOME/.less is used; on MS-DOS systems, $HOME/_less is used; and on
OS/2 systems, $HOME/less.ini is used, or $INIT/less.ini if $HOME is
undefined. If the output file already exists, lesskey will overwrite
it.
The -V or --version option causes lesskey to print its version number
and immediately exit. If -V or --version is present, other options
and arguments are ignored.
The input file consists of one or more sections. Each section starts
with a line that identifies the type of section. Possible sections
are:
#command
Defines new command keys.
#line-edit
Defines new line-editing keys.
#env Defines environment variables.
Blank lines and lines which start with a pound sign (#) are ignored,
except for the special section header lines.
COMMAND SECTION
The command section begins with the line
#command
If the command section is the first section in the file, this line may
be omitted. The command section consists of lines of the form:
string action [extra-string]
Whitespace is any sequence of one or more spaces and/or tabs. The
string is the command key(s) which invoke the action. The string may
be a single command key, or a sequence of up to 15 keys. The action
is the name of the less action, from the list below. The characters
in the string may appear literally, or be prefixed by a caret to
indicate a control key. A backslash followed by one to three octal
digits may be used to specify a character by its octal value. A back-
slash followed by certain characters specifies input characters as
follows:
\b BACKSPACE
\e ESCAPE
\n NEWLINE
\r RETURN
\t TAB
\ku UP ARROW
\kd DOWN ARROW
\kr RIGHT ARROW
\kl LEFT ARROW
\kU PAGE UP
\kD PAGE DOWN
\kh HOME
\ke END
\kx DELETE
A backslash followed by any other character indicates that character
is to be taken literally. Characters which must be preceded by back-
slash include caret, space, tab and the backslash itself.
An action may be followed by an "extra" string. When such a command
is entered while running less, the action is performed, and then the
extra string is parsed, just as if it were typed in to less. This
feature can be used in certain cases to extend the functionality of a
command. For example, see the "{" and ":t" commands in the example
below. The extra string has a special meaning for the "quit" action:
when less quits, first character of the extra string is used as its
exit status.
EXAMPLE
The following input file describes the set of default command keys
used by less:
#command
\r forw-line
\n forw-line
e forw-line
j forw-line
\kd forw-line
^E forw-line
^N forw-line
k back-line
y back-line
^Y back-line
^K back-line
^P back-line
J forw-line-force
K back-line-force
Y back-line-force
d forw-scroll
^D forw-scroll
u back-scroll
^U back-scroll
\40 forw-screen
f forw-screen
^F forw-screen
^V forw-screen
\kD forw-screen
b back-screen
^B back-screen
\ev back-screen
\kU back-screen
z forw-window
w back-window
\e\40 forw-screen-force
F forw-forever
R repaint-flush
r repaint
^R repaint
^L repaint
\eu undo-hilite
g goto-line
\kh goto-line
< goto-line
\e< goto-line
p percent
% percent
\e[ left-scroll
\e] right-scroll
\e( left-scroll
\e) right-scroll
{ forw-bracket {}
} back-bracket {}
( forw-bracket ()
) back-bracket ()
[ forw-bracket []
] back-bracket []
\e^F forw-bracket
\e^B back-bracket
G goto-end
\e> goto-end
> goto-end
\ke goto-end
= status
^G status
:f status
/ forw-search
? back-search
\e/ forw-search *
\e? back-search *
n repeat-search
\en repeat-search-all
N reverse-search
\eN reverse-search-all
m set-mark
' goto-mark
^X^X goto-mark
E examine
:e examine
^X^V examine
:n next-file
:p prev-file
t next-tag
T prev-tag
:x index-file
:d remove-file
- toggle-option
:t toggle-option t
s toggle-option o
_ display-option
| pipe
v visual
! shell
+ firstcmd
H help
h help
V version
0 digit
1 digit
2 digit
3 digit
4 digit
5 digit
6 digit
7 digit
8 digit
9 digit
q quit
Q quit
:q quit
:Q quit
ZZ quit
PRECEDENCE
Commands specified by lesskey take precedence over the default com-
mands. A default command key may be disabled by including it in the
input file with the action "invalid". Alternatively, a key may be
defined to do nothing by using the action "noaction". "noaction" is
similar to "invalid", but less will give an error beep for an
"invalid" command, but not for a "noaction" command. In addition, ALL
default commands may be disabled by adding this control line to the
input file:
#stop
This will cause all default commands to be ignored. The #stop line
should be the last line in that section of the file.
Be aware that #stop can be dangerous. Since all default commands are
disabled, you must provide sufficient commands before the #stop line
to enable all necessary actions. For example, failure to provide a
"quit" command can lead to frustration.
LINE EDITING SECTION
The line-editing section begins with the line:
#line-edit
This section specifies new key bindings for the line editing commands,
in a manner similar to the way key bindings for ordinary commands are
specified in the #command section. The line-editing section consists
of a list of keys and actions, one per line as in the example below.
EXAMPLE
The following input file describes the set of default line-editing
keys used by less:
#line-edit
\t forw-complete
\17 back-complete
\e\t back-complete
^L expand
^V literal
^A literal
\el right
\kr right
\eh left
\kl left
\eb word-left
\e\kl word-left
\ew word-right
\e\kr word-right
\ei insert
\ex delete
\kx delete
\eX word-delete
\ekx word-delete
\e\b word-backspace
\e0 home
\kh home
\e$ end
\ke end
\ek up
\ku up
\ej down
LESS ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The environment variable section begins with the line
#env
Following this line is a list of environment variable assignments.
Each line consists of an environment variable name, an equals sign (=)
and the value to be assigned to the environment variable. White space
before and after the equals sign is ignored. Variables assigned in
this way are visible only to less. If a variable is specified in the
system environment and also in a lesskey file, the value in the
lesskey file takes precedence. Although the lesskey file can be used
to override variables set in the environment, the main purpose of
assigning variables in the lesskey file is simply to have all less
configuration information stored in one file.
EXAMPLE
The following input file sets the -i option whenever less is run, and
specifies the character set to be "latin1":
#env
LESS = -i
LESSCHARSET = latin1
SEE ALSO
less(1)
WARNINGS
It is not possible to specify special keys, such as uparrow, in a key-
board-independent manner. The only way to specify such keys is to
specify the escape sequence which a particular keyboard sends when
such a key is pressed.
On MS-DOS and OS/2 systems, certain keys send a sequence of characters
which start with a NUL character (0). This NUL character should be
represented as \340 in a lesskey file.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2000 Mark Nudelman
lesskey is part of the GNU project and is free software; you can
redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General
Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2, or (at your option) any later version.
lesskey is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with lesskey; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA
02111-1307, USA.
AUTHOR
Mark Nudelman
Send bug reports or comments to the above address or to bug-
less@gnu.org.
Version 382: 03 Feb 2004 LESSKEY(1)
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