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pamditherbw Updated: 20 June 2004 Table Of Contents NAME pamditherbw - dither grayscale image to black and white SYNOPSIS pamditherbw [-floyd | -fs | -threshold | -hilbert | -dither8 | -d8 | -cluster3 | -c3 | -cluster4 | -c4 | -cluster8 | -c8] [-value val] [-clump size] [pamfile] DESCRIPTION This program is part of Netpbm. pamditherbw dithers a grayscale image. Dithering means turning each shade of gray into a pattern of black and white pixels that, from a distance, look the same as the gray. The input should be a PGM image or a PAM image of tuple type GRAYSCALE. However, pamditherbw doesn't check, so if you feed it e.g. a PPM image, it will produce arbitrary results (actually, it just takes the first channel of whatever you give it and treats it as if it represented gray levels). The output is a PAM with tuple type BLACKANDWHITE. You can turn this into a PBM (if you need to use it with an older program doesn't un- derstand PAM) with pamtopnm. To do the opposite of dithering, you can usually just scale the image down and then back up again with pamscale, possibly smoothing or blurring the result with pnmsmooth or pnmconvol. Or use the special case program pbmtopgm. To dither a color image (to reduce the number of pixel col- ors), use ppmdither. OPTIONS The default quantization method is boustrophedonic Floyd- Steinberg error diffusion (-floyd or -fs). Also available are simple thresholding (-threshold); Bayer's ordered dither (-dither8) with a 16x16 matrix; and three different sizes of 45-degree clustered-dot dither (-cluster3, -cluster4, -cluster8). A space filling curve halftoning method using the Hilbert curve is also available (-hilbert). Floyd-Steinberg will almost always give the best looking re- sults; however, looking good is not always what you want. For instance, thresholding can be used in a pipeline with the pnmconvol tool, for tasks like edge and peak detection. And clustered-dot dithering gives a newspaper-ish look, a useful special effect. The -value option alters the thresholding value for Floyd- Steinberg and simple thresholding. It should be a real number between 0 and 1. Above 0.5 means darker images; below 0.5 means lighter. The Hilbert curve method is useful for processing images be- fore display on devices that do not render individual pixels distinctly (like laser printers). This dithering method can give better results than the dithering usually done by the laser printers themselves. The -clump op- tion alters the number of pixels in a clump. This is usually an integer be- tween 2 and 100 (default 5). Smaller clump sizes smear the image less and are less grainy, but seem to loose some grey scale linearity. Typically a PGM image will have to be scaled to fit on a laser printer page (2400 x 3000 pix- els for an A4 300 dpi page), and then dithered to a PBM image before being converted to a postscript file. A printing pipeline might look something like: pamscale -xysize 2400 3000 image.pgm | pamditherbw -hilbert | pamtopnm | pnmtops -scale 0.25 > image.ps All options can be abbreviated to their shortest unique pre- fix. REFERENCES The only reference you need for this stuff is "Digital Halftoning" by Robert Ulichney, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-21009-6. The Hilbert curve space filling method is taken from "Digital Halftoning with Space Filling Curves" by Luiz Velho, Computer Graphics Volume 25, Number 4, proceedings of SIGRAPH '91, page 81. ISBN 0-89791-436-8 SEE ALSO pamtopnm, pgmtopgm, pbmtopgm, pbmreduce, pnmconvol, pamscale, pam, pnm, HISTORY pamditherbw was new in Netpbm 10.23 (July 2004), but is essen- tially the same program as pgmtopbm that has existed practically since the beginning. pamditherbw differs from its predecessor in that it properly deals with gamma adjustment and that it accepts PAM input in addition to PGM and PBM and produces PAM output. pamditherbw obsoletes pgmtopbm. AUTHOR Copyright (C) 1989 by Jef Poskanzer. _________________________________________________________________ Table Of Contents * NAME * SYNOPSIS * DESCRIPTION * OPTIONS * REFERENCES * SEE ALSO * AUTHOR
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