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TCPDUMP(8) TCPDUMP(8)
NAME
tcpdump - dump traffic on a network
SYNOPSIS
tcpdump [ -AdDeflLnNOpqRStuUvxX ] [ -c count ]
[ -C file_size ] [ -F file ]
[ -i interface ] [ -m module ] [ -M secret ] [ -r file ]
[ -s snaplen ] [ -T type ] [ -w file ]
[ -W filecount ] [ -E spi@ipaddr algo:secret,... ]
[ -y datalinktype ] [ -Z user ]
[ expression ]
DESCRIPTION
Tcpdump prints out the headers of packets on a network interface that
match the boolean expression. It can also be run with the -w flag,
which causes it to save the packet data to a file for later analysis,
and/or with the -r flag, which causes it to read from a saved packet
file rather than to read packets from a network interface. In all
cases, only packets that match expression will be processed by tcp-
dump.
Tcpdump will, if not run with the -c flag, continue capturing packets
until it is interrupted by a SIGINT signal (generated, for example, by
typing your interrupt character, typically control-C) or a SIGTERM
signal (typically generated with the kill(1) command); if run with the
-c flag, it will capture packets until it is interrupted by a SIGINT
or SIGTERM signal or the specified number of packets have been pro-
cessed.
When tcpdump finishes capturing packets, it will report counts of:
packets ''captured'' (this is the number of packets that tcp-
dump has received and processed);
packets ''received by filter'' (the meaning of this depends on
the OS on which you're running tcpdump, and possibly on the way
the OS was configured - if a filter was specified on the com-
mand line, on some OSes it counts packets regardless of whether
they were matched by the filter expression and, even if they
were matched by the filter expression, regardless of whether
tcpdump has read and processed them yet, on other OSes it
counts only packets that were matched by the filter expression
regardless of whether tcpdump has read and processed them yet,
and on other OSes it counts only packets that were matched by
the filter expression and were processed by tcpdump);
packets ''dropped by kernel'' (this is the number of packets
that were dropped, due to a lack of buffer space, by the packet
capture mechanism in the OS on which tcpdump is running, if the
OS reports that information to applications; if not, it will be
reported as 0).
On platforms that support the SIGINFO signal, such as most BSDs
(including Mac OS X) and Digital/Tru64 UNIX, it will report those
counts when it receives a SIGINFO signal (generated, for example, by
typing your ''status'' character, typically control-T, although on
some platforms, such as Mac OS X, the ''status'' character is not set
by default, so you must set it with stty(1) in order to use it) and
will continue capturing packets.
Reading packets from a network interface may require that you have
special privileges:
Under SunOS 3.x or 4.x with NIT or BPF:
You must have read access to /dev/nit or /dev/bpf*.
Under Solaris with DLPI:
You must have read/write access to the network pseudo device,
e.g. /dev/le. On at least some versions of Solaris, however,
this is not sufficient to allow tcpdump to capture in promiscu-
ous mode; on those versions of Solaris, you must be root, or
tcpdump must be installed setuid to root, in order to capture
in promiscuous mode. Note that, on many (perhaps all) inter-
faces, if you don't capture in promiscuous mode, you will not
see any outgoing packets, so a capture not done in promiscuous
mode may not be very useful.
Under HP-UX with DLPI:
You must be root or tcpdump must be installed setuid to root.
Under IRIX with snoop:
You must be root or tcpdump must be installed setuid to root.
Under Linux:
You must be root or tcpdump must be installed setuid to root
(unless your distribution has a kernel that supports capability
bits such as CAP_NET_RAW and code to allow those capability
bits to be given to particular accounts and to cause those bits
to be set on a user's initial processes when they log in, in
which case you must have CAP_NET_RAW in order to capture and
CAP_NET_ADMIN to enumerate network devices with, for example,
the -D flag).
Under ULTRIX and Digital UNIX/Tru64 UNIX:
Any user may capture network traffic with tcpdump. However, no
user (not even the super-user) can capture in promiscuous mode
on an interface unless the super-user has enabled promiscuous-
mode operation on that interface using pfconfig(8), and no user
(not even the super-user) can capture unicast traffic received
by or sent by the machine on an interface unless the super-user
has enabled copy-all-mode operation on that interface using
pfconfig, so useful packet capture on an interface probably
requires that either promiscuous-mode or copy-all-mode opera-
tion, or both modes of operation, be enabled on that interface.
Under BSD (this includes Mac OS X):
You must have read access to /dev/bpf*. On BSDs with a devfs
(this includes Mac OS X), this might involve more than just
having somebody with super-user access setting the ownership or
permissions on the BPF devices - it might involve configuring
devfs to set the ownership or permissions every time the system
is booted, if the system even supports that; if it doesn't sup-
port that, you might have to find some other way to make that
happen at boot time.
Reading a saved packet file doesn't require special privileges.
OPTIONS
-A Print each packet (minus its link level header) in ASCII.
Handy for capturing web pages.
-c Exit after receiving count packets.
-C Before writing a raw packet to a savefile, check whether the
file is currently larger than file_size and, if so, close the
current savefile and open a new one. Savefiles after the first
savefile will have the name specified with the -w flag, with a
number after it, starting at 1 and continuing upward. The
units of file_size are millions of bytes (1,000,000 bytes, not
1,048,576 bytes).
-d Dump the compiled packet-matching code in a human readable form
to standard output and stop.
-dd Dump packet-matching code as a C program fragment.
-ddd Dump packet-matching code as decimal numbers (preceded with a
count).
-D Print the list of the network interfaces available on the sys-
tem and on which tcpdump can capture packets. For each network
interface, a number and an interface name, possibly followed by
a text description of the interface, is printed. The interface
name or the number can be supplied to the -i flag to specify an
interface on which to capture.
This can be useful on systems that don't have a command to list
them (e.g., Windows systems, or UNIX systems lacking ifconfig
-a); the number can be useful on Windows 2000 and later sys-
tems, where the interface name is a somewhat complex string.
The -D flag will not be supported if tcpdump was built with an
older version of libpcap that lacks the pcap_findalldevs()
function.
-e Print the link-level header on each dump line.
-E Use spi@ipaddr algo:secret for decrypting IPsec ESP packets
that are addressed to addr and contain Security Parameter Index
value spi. This combination may be repeated with comma or new-
line seperation.
Note that setting the secret for IPv4 ESP packets is supported
at this time.
Algorithms may be des-cbc, 3des-cbc, blowfish-cbc, rc3-cbc,
cast128-cbc, or none. The default is des-cbc. The ability to
decrypt packets is only present if tcpdump was compiled with
cryptography enabled.
secret is the ASCII text for ESP secret key. If preceeded by
0x, then a hex value will be read.
The option assumes RFC2406 ESP, not RFC1827 ESP. The option is
only for debugging purposes, and the use of this option with a
true 'secret' key is discouraged. By presenting IPsec secret
key onto command line you make it visible to others, via ps(1)
and other occasions.
In addition to the above syntax, the syntax file name may be
used to have tcpdump read the provided file in. The file is
opened upon receiving the first ESP packet, so any special per-
missions that tcpdump may have been given should already have
been given up.
-f Print 'foreign' IPv4 addresses numerically rather than symboli-
cally (this option is intended to get around serious brain dam-
age in Sun's NIS server -- usually it hangs forever translating
non-local internet numbers).
The test for 'foreign' IPv4 addresses is done using the IPv4
address and netmask of the interface on which capture is being
done. If that address or netmask are not available, available,
either because the interface on which capture is being done has
no address or netmask or because the capture is being done on
the Linux "any" interface, which can capture on more than one
interface, this option will not work correctly.
-F Use file as input for the filter expression. An additional
expression given on the command line is ignored.
-i Listen on interface. If unspecified, tcpdump searches the sys-
tem interface list for the lowest numbered, configured up
interface (excluding loopback). Ties are broken by choosing
the earliest match.
On Linux systems with 2.2 or later kernels, an interface argu-
ment of ''any'' can be used to capture packets from all inter-
faces. Note that captures on the ''any'' device will not be
done in promiscuous mode.
If the -D flag is supported, an interface number as printed by
that flag can be used as the interface argument.
-l Make stdout line buffered. Useful if you want to see the data
while capturing it. E.g.,
''tcpdump -l | tee dat'' or ''tcpdump -l >
dat & tail -f dat''.
-L List the known data link types for the interface and exit.
-m Load SMI MIB module definitions from file module. This option
can be used several times to load several MIB modules into tcp-
dump.
-M Use secret as a shared secret for validating the digests found
in TCP segments with the TCP-MD5 option (RFC 2385), if present.
-n Don't convert host addresses to names. This can be used to
avoid DNS lookups.
-nn Don't convert protocol and port numbers etc. to names either.
-N Don't print domain name qualification of host names. E.g., if
you give this flag then tcpdump will print ''nic'' instead of
''nic.ddn.mil''.
-O Do not run the packet-matching code optimizer. This is useful
only if you suspect a bug in the optimizer.
-p Don't put the interface into promiscuous mode. Note that the
interface might be in promiscuous mode for some other reason;
hence, '-p' cannot be used as an abbreviation for 'ether host
{local-hw-addr} or ether broadcast'.
-q Quick (quiet?) output. Print less protocol information so out-
put lines are shorter.
-R Assume ESP/AH packets to be based on old specification (RFC1825
to RFC1829). If specified, tcpdump will not print replay pre-
vention field. Since there is no protocol version field in
ESP/AH specification, tcpdump cannot deduce the version of
ESP/AH protocol.
-r Read packets from file (which was created with the -w option).
Standard input is used if file is ''-''.
-S Print absolute, rather than relative, TCP sequence numbers.
-s Snarf snaplen bytes of data from each packet rather than the
default of 68 (with SunOS's NIT, the minimum is actually 96).
68 bytes is adequate for IP, ICMP, TCP and UDP but may truncate
protocol information from name server and NFS packets (see
below). Packets truncated because of a limited snapshot are
indicated in the output with ''[|proto]'', where proto is the
name of the protocol level at which the truncation has
occurred. Note that taking larger snapshots both increases the
amount of time it takes to process packets and, effectively,
decreases the amount of packet buffering. This may cause pack-
ets to be lost. You should limit snaplen to the smallest num-
ber that will capture the protocol information you're inter-
ested in. Setting snaplen to 0 means use the required length
to catch whole packets.
-T Force packets selected by "expression" to be interpreted the
specified type. Currently known types are aodv (Ad-hoc On-
demand Distance Vector protocol), cnfp (Cisco NetFlow proto-
col), rpc (Remote Procedure Call), rtp (Real-Time Applications
protocol), rtcp (Real-Time Applications control protocol), snmp
(Simple Network Management Protocol), tftp (Trivial File Trans-
fer Protocol), vat (Visual Audio Tool), and wb (distributed
White Board).
-t Don't print a timestamp on each dump line.
-tt Print an unformatted timestamp on each dump line.
-ttt Print a delta (in micro-seconds) between current and previous
line on each dump line.
-tttt Print a timestamp in default format proceeded by date on each
dump line.
-u Print undecoded NFS handles.
-U Make output saved via the -w option ''packet-buffered''; i.e.,
as each packet is saved, it will be written to the output file,
rather than being written only when the output buffer fills.
The -U flag will not be supported if tcpdump was built with an
older version of libpcap that lacks the pcap_dump_flush() func-
tion.
-v When parsing and printing, produce (slightly more) verbose out-
put. For example, the time to live, identification, total
length and options in an IP packet are printed. Also enables
additional packet integrity checks such as verifying the IP and
ICMP header checksum.
When writing to a file with the -w option, report, every 10
seconds, the number of packets captured.
-vv Even more verbose output. For example, additional fields are
printed from NFS reply packets, and SMB packets are fully
decoded.
-vvv Even more verbose output. For example, telnet SB ... SE
options are printed in full. With -X Telnet options are
printed in hex as well.
-w Write the raw packets to file rather than parsing and printing
them out. They can later be printed with the -r option. Stan-
dard output is used if file is ''-''.
-W Used in conjunction with the -C option, this will limit the
number of files created to the specified number, and begin
overwriting files from the beginning, thus creating a 'rotat-
ing' buffer. In addition, it will name the files with enough
leading 0s to support the maximum number of files, allowing
them to sort correctly.
-x Print each packet (minus its link level header) in hex. The
smaller of the entire packet or snaplen bytes will be printed.
Note that this is the entire link-layer packet, so for link
layers that pad (e.g. Ethernet), the padding bytes will also be
printed when the higher layer packet is shorter than the
required padding.
-xx Print each packet, including its link level header, in hex.
-X Print each packet (minus its link level header) in hex and
ASCII. This is very handy for analysing new protocols.
-XX Print each packet, including its link level header, in hex and
ASCII.
-y Set the data link type to use while capturing packets to
datalinktype.
-Z Drops privileges (if root) and changes user ID to user and the
group ID to the primary group of user.
This behavior can also be enabled by default at compile time.
expression
selects which packets will be dumped. If no expression is
given, all packets on the net will be dumped. Otherwise, only
packets for which expression is 'true' will be dumped.
The expression consists of one or more primitives. Primitives
usually consist of an id (name or number) preceded by one or
more qualifiers. There are three different kinds of qualifier:
type qualifiers say what kind of thing the id name or number
refers to. Possible types are host, net and port.
E.g., 'host foo', 'net 128.3', 'port 20'. If there is
no type qualifier, host is assumed.
dir qualifiers specify a particular transfer direction to
and/or from id. Possible directions are src, dst, src
or dst and src and dst. E.g., 'src foo', 'dst net
128.3', 'src or dst port ftp-data'. If there is no dir
qualifier, src or dst is assumed. For some link layers,
such as SLIP and the ''cooked'' Linux capture mode used
for the ''any'' device and for some other device types,
the inbound and outbound qualifiers can be used to spec-
ify a desired direction.
proto qualifiers restrict the match to a particular protocol.
Possible protos are: ether, fddi, tr, wlan, ip, ip6,
arp, rarp, decnet, tcp and udp. E.g., 'ether src foo',
'arp net 128.3', 'tcp port 21'. If there is no proto
qualifier, all protocols consistent with the type are
assumed. E.g., 'src foo' means '(ip or arp or rarp) src
foo' (except the latter is not legal syntax), 'net bar'
means '(ip or arp or rarp) net bar' and 'port 53' means
'(tcp or udp) port 53'.
['fddi' is actually an alias for 'ether'; the parser treats
them identically as meaning ''the data link level used on the
specified network interface.'' FDDI headers contain Ethernet-
like source and destination addresses, and often contain Ether-
net-like packet types, so you can filter on these FDDI fields
just as with the analogous Ethernet fields. FDDI headers also
contain other fields, but you cannot name them explicitly in a
filter expression.
Similarly, 'tr' and 'wlan' are aliases for 'ether'; the previ-
ous paragraph's statements about FDDI headers also apply to
Token Ring and 802.11 wireless LAN headers. For 802.11 head-
ers, the destination address is the DA field and the source
address is the SA field; the BSSID, RA, and TA fields aren't
tested.]
In addition to the above, there are some special 'primitive'
keywords that don't follow the pattern: gateway, broadcast,
less, greater and arithmetic expressions. All of these are
described below.
More complex filter expressions are built up by using the words
and, or and not to combine primitives. E.g., 'host foo and not
port ftp and not port ftp-data'. To save typing, identical
qualifier lists can be omitted. E.g., 'tcp dst port ftp or
ftp-data or domain' is exactly the same as 'tcp dst port ftp or
tcp dst port ftp-data or tcp dst port domain'.
Allowable primitives are:
dst host host
True if the IPv4/v6 destination field of the packet is
host, which may be either an address or a name.
src host host
True if the IPv4/v6 source field of the packet is host.
host host
True if either the IPv4/v6 source or destination of the
packet is host. Any of the above host expressions can
be prepended with the keywords, ip, arp, rarp, or ip6 as
in:
ip host host
which is equivalent to:
ether proto \ip and host host
If host is a name with multiple IP addresses, each
address will be checked for a match.
ether dst ehost
True if the ethernet destination address is ehost.
Ehost may be either a name from /etc/ethers or a number
(see ethers(3N) for numeric format).
ether src ehost
True if the ethernet source address is ehost.
ether host ehost
True if either the ethernet source or destination
address is ehost.
gateway host
True if the packet used host as a gateway. I.e., the
ethernet source or destination address was host but nei-
ther the IP source nor the IP destination was host.
Host must be a name and must be found both by the
machine's host-name-to-IP-address resolution mechanisms
(host name file, DNS, NIS, etc.) and by the machine's
host-name-to-Ethernet-address resolution mechanism
(/etc/ethers, etc.). (An equivalent expression is
ether host ehost and not host host
which can be used with either names or numbers for host
/ ehost.) This syntax does not work in IPv6-enabled
configuration at this moment.
dst net net
True if the IPv4/v6 destination address of the packet
has a network number of net. Net may be either a name
from /etc/networks or a network number (see networks(4)
for details).
src net net
True if the IPv4/v6 source address of the packet has a
network number of net.
net net
True if either the IPv4/v6 source or destination address
of the packet has a network number of net.
net net mask netmask
True if the IP address matches net with the specific
netmask. May be qualified with src or dst. Note that
this syntax is not valid for IPv6 net.
net net/len
True if the IPv4/v6 address matches net with a netmask
len bits wide. May be qualified with src or dst.
dst port port
True if the packet is ip/tcp, ip/udp, ip6/tcp or ip6/udp
and has a destination port value of port. The port can
be a number or a name used in /etc/services (see tcp(4P)
and udp(4P)). If a name is used, both the port number
and protocol are checked. If a number or ambiguous name
is used, only the port number is checked (e.g., dst port
513 will print both tcp/login traffic and udp/who traf-
fic, and port domain will print both tcp/domain and
udp/domain traffic).
src port port
True if the packet has a source port value of port.
port port
True if either the source or destination port of the
packet is port. Any of the above port expressions can
be prepended with the keywords, tcp or udp, as in:
tcp src port port
which matches only tcp packets whose source port is
port.
less length
True if the packet has a length less than or equal to
length. This is equivalent to:
len <= length.
greater length
True if the packet has a length greater than or equal to
length. This is equivalent to:
len >= length.
ip proto protocol
True if the packet is an IP packet (see ip(4P)) of pro-
tocol type protocol. Protocol can be a number or one of
the names icmp, icmp6, igmp, igrp, pim, ah, esp, vrrp,
udp, or tcp. Note that the identifiers tcp, udp, and
icmp are also keywords and must be escaped via backslash
(\), which is \\ in the C-shell. Note that this primi-
tive does not chase the protocol header chain.
ip6 proto protocol
True if the packet is an IPv6 packet of protocol type
protocol. Note that this primitive does not chase the
protocol header chain.
ip6 protochain protocol
True if the packet is IPv6 packet, and contains protocol
header with type protocol in its protocol header chain.
For example,
ip6 protochain 6
matches any IPv6 packet with TCP protocol header in the
protocol header chain. The packet may contain, for
example, authentication header, routing header, or hop-
by-hop option header, between IPv6 header and TCP
header. The BPF code emitted by this primitive is com-
plex and cannot be optimized by BPF optimizer code in
tcpdump, so this can be somewhat slow.
ip protochain protocol
Equivalent to ip6 protochain protocol, but this is for
IPv4.
ether broadcast
True if the packet is an ethernet broadcast packet. The
ether keyword is optional.
ip broadcast
True if the packet is an IPv4 broadcast packet. It
checks for both the all-zeroes and all-ones broadcast
conventions, and looks up the subnet mask on the inter-
face on which the capture is being done.
If the subnet mask of the interface on which the capture
is being done is not available, either because the
interface on which capture is being done has no netmask
or because the capture is being done on the Linux "any"
interface, which can capture on more than one interface,
this check will not work correctly.
ether multicast
True if the packet is an ethernet multicast packet. The
ether keyword is optional. This is shorthand for
'ether[0] & 1 != 0'.
ip multicast
True if the packet is an IP multicast packet.
ip6 multicast
True if the packet is an IPv6 multicast packet.
ether proto protocol
True if the packet is of ether type protocol. Protocol
can be a number or one of the names ip, ip6, arp, rarp,
atalk, aarp, decnet, sca, lat, mopdl, moprc, iso, stp,
ipx, or netbeui. Note these identifiers are also key-
words and must be escaped via backslash (\).
[In the case of FDDI (e.g., 'fddi protocol arp'), Token
Ring (e.g., 'tr protocol arp'), and IEEE 802.11 wireless
LANS (e.g., 'wlan protocol arp'), for most of those pro-
tocols, the protocol identification comes from the 802.2
Logical Link Control (LLC) header, which is usually lay-
ered on top of the FDDI, Token Ring, or 802.11 header.
When filtering for most protocol identifiers on FDDI,
Token Ring, or 802.11, tcpdump checks only the protocol
ID field of an LLC header in so-called SNAP format with
an Organizational Unit Identifier (OUI) of 0x000000, for
encapsulated Ethernet; it doesn't check whether the
packet is in SNAP format with an OUI of 0x000000. The
exceptions are:
iso tcpdump checks the DSAP (Destination Service
Access Point) and SSAP (Source Service Access
Point) fields of the LLC header;
stp and netbeui
tcpdump checks the DSAP of the LLC header;
atalk tcpdump checks for a SNAP-format packet with an
OUI of 0x080007 and the AppleTalk etype.
In the case of Ethernet, tcpdump checks the Ethernet
type field for most of those protocols. The exceptions
are:
iso, sap, and netbeui
tcpdump checks for an 802.3 frame and then
checks the LLC header as it does for FDDI, Token
Ring, and 802.11;
atalk tcpdump checks both for the AppleTalk etype in
an Ethernet frame and for a SNAP-format packet
as it does for FDDI, Token Ring, and 802.11;
aarp tcpdump checks for the AppleTalk ARP etype in
either an Ethernet frame or an 802.2 SNAP frame
with an OUI of 0x000000;
ipx tcpdump checks for the IPX etype in an Ethernet
frame, the IPX DSAP in the LLC header, the
802.3-with-no-LLC-header encapsulation of IPX,
and the IPX etype in a SNAP frame.
decnet src host
True if the DECNET source address is host, which may be
an address of the form ''10.123'', or a DECNET host
name. [DECNET host name support is only available on
ULTRIX systems that are configured to run DECNET.]
decnet dst host
True if the DECNET destination address is host.
decnet host host
True if either the DECNET source or destination address
is host.
ifname interface
True if the packet was logged as coming from the speci-
fied interface (applies only to packets logged by
OpenBSD's pf(4)).
on interface
Synonymous with the ifname modifier.
rnr num
True if the packet was logged as matching the specified
PF rule number (applies only to packets logged by
OpenBSD's pf(4)).
rulenum num
Synonomous with the rnr modifier.
reason code
True if the packet was logged with the specified PF rea-
son code. The known codes are: match, bad-offset, frag-
ment, short, normalize, and memory (applies only to
packets logged by OpenBSD's pf(4)).
rset name
True if the packet was logged as matching the specified
PF ruleset name of an anchored ruleset (applies only to
packets logged by pf(4)).
ruleset name
Synonomous with the rset modifier.
srnr num
True if the packet was logged as matching the specified
PF rule number of an anchored ruleset (applies only to
packets logged by pf(4)).
subrulenum num
Synonomous with the srnr modifier.
action act
True if PF took the specified action when the packet was
logged. Known actions are: pass and block (applies only
to packets logged by OpenBSD's pf(4)).
ip, ip6, arp, rarp, atalk, aarp, decnet, iso, stp, ipx, netbeui
Abbreviations for:
ether proto p
where p is one of the above protocols.
lat, moprc, mopdl
Abbreviations for:
ether proto p
where p is one of the above protocols. Note that tcp-
dump does not currently know how to parse these proto-
cols.
vlan [vlan_id]
True if the packet is an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN packet. If
[vlan_id] is specified, only true is the packet has the
specified vlan_id. Note that the first vlan keyword
encountered in expression changes the decoding offsets
for the remainder of expression on the assumption that
the packet is a VLAN packet.
tcp, udp, icmp
Abbreviations for:
ip proto p or ip6 proto p
where p is one of the above protocols.
iso proto protocol
True if the packet is an OSI packet of protocol type
protocol. Protocol can be a number or one of the names
clnp, esis, or isis.
clnp, esis, isis
Abbreviations for:
iso proto p
where p is one of the above protocols.
l1, l2, iih, lsp, snp, csnp, psnp
Abbreviations for IS-IS PDU types.
vpi n True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, with a virtual path identifier of n.
vci n True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, with a virtual channel identifier of n.
lane True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, and is an ATM LANE packet. Note that the first
lane keyword encountered in expression changes the tests
done in the remainder of expression on the assumption
that the packet is either a LANE emulated Ethernet
packet or a LANE LE Control packet. If lane isn't spec-
ified, the tests are done under the assumption that the
packet is an LLC-encapsulated packet.
llc True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, and is an LLC-encapsulated packet.
oamf4s True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, and is a segment OAM F4 flow cell (VPI=0 &
VCI=3).
oamf4e True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, and is an end-to-end OAM F4 flow cell (VPI=0 &
VCI=4).
oamf4 True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, and is a segment or end-to-end OAM F4 flow cell
(VPI=0 & (VCI=3 | VCI=4)).
oam True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, and is a segment or end-to-end OAM F4 flow cell
(VPI=0 & (VCI=3 | VCI=4)).
metac True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, and is on a meta signaling circuit (VPI=0 &
VCI=1).
bcc True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, and is on a broadcast signaling circuit (VPI=0
& VCI=2).
sc True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, and is on a signaling circuit (VPI=0 & VCI=5).
ilmic True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, and is on an ILMI circuit (VPI=0 & VCI=16).
connectmsg
True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, and is on a signaling circuit and is a Q.2931
Setup, Call Proceeding, Connect, Connect Ack, Release,
or Release Done message.
metaconnect
True if the packet is an ATM packet, for SunATM on
Solaris, and is on a meta signaling circuit and is a
Q.2931 Setup, Call Proceeding, Connect, Release, or
Release Done message.
expr relop expr
True if the relation holds, where relop is one of >, <,
>=, <=, =, !=, and expr is an arithmetic expression com-
posed of integer constants (expressed in standard C syn-
tax), the normal binary operators [+, -, *, /, &, |, <<,
>>], a length operator, and special packet data acces-
sors. To access data inside the packet, use the follow-
ing syntax:
proto [ expr : size ]
Proto is one of ether, fddi, tr, wlan, ppp, slip, link,
ip, arp, rarp, tcp, udp, icmp or ip6, and indicates the
protocol layer for the index operation. (ether, fddi,
wlan, tr, ppp, slip and link all refer to the link
layer.) Note that tcp, udp and other upper-layer proto-
col types only apply to IPv4, not IPv6 (this will be
fixed in the future). The byte offset, relative to the
indicated protocol layer, is given by expr. Size is
optional and indicates the number of bytes in the field
of interest; it can be either one, two, or four, and
defaults to one. The length operator, indicated by the
keyword len, gives the length of the packet.
For example, 'ether[0] & 1 != 0' catches all multicast
traffic. The expression 'ip[0] & 0xf != 5' catches all
IP packets with options. The expression 'ip[6:2] &
0x1fff = 0' catches only unfragmented datagrams and frag
zero of fragmented datagrams. This check is implicitly
applied to the tcp and udp index operations. For
instance, tcp[0] always means the first byte of the TCP
header, and never means the first byte of an intervening
fragment.
Some offsets and field values may be expressed as names
rather than as numeric values. The following protocol
header field offsets are available: icmptype (ICMP type
field), icmpcode (ICMP code field), and tcpflags (TCP
flags field).
The following ICMP type field values are available:
icmp-echoreply, icmp-unreach, icmp-sourcequench, icmp-
redirect, icmp-echo, icmp-routeradvert, icmp-routerso-
licit, icmp-timxceed, icmp-paramprob, icmp-tstamp, icmp-
tstampreply, icmp-ireq, icmp-ireqreply, icmp-maskreq,
icmp-maskreply.
The following TCP flags field values are available: tcp-
fin, tcp-syn, tcp-rst, tcp-push, tcp-ack, tcp-urg.
Primitives may be combined using:
A parenthesized group of primitives and operators
(parentheses are special to the Shell and must be
escaped).
Negation ('!' or 'not').
Concatenation ('&&' or 'and').
Alternation ('||' or 'or').
Negation has highest precedence. Alternation and concatenation
have equal precedence and associate left to right. Note that
explicit and tokens, not juxtaposition, are now required for
concatenation.
If an identifier is given without a keyword, the most recent
keyword is assumed. For example,
not host vs and ace
is short for
not host vs and host ace
which should not be confused with
not ( host vs or ace )
Expression arguments can be passed to tcpdump as either a sin-
gle argument or as multiple arguments, whichever is more conve-
nient. Generally, if the expression contains Shell metacharac-
ters, it is easier to pass it as a single, quoted argument.
Multiple arguments are concatenated with spaces before being
parsed.
EXAMPLES
To print all packets arriving at or departing from sundown:
tcpdump host sundown
To print traffic between helios and either hot or ace:
tcpdump host helios and \( hot or ace \)
To print all IP packets between ace and any host except helios:
tcpdump ip host ace and not helios
To print all traffic between local hosts and hosts at Berkeley:
tcpdump net ucb-ether
To print all ftp traffic through internet gateway snup: (note that the
expression is quoted to prevent the shell from (mis-)interpreting the
parentheses):
tcpdump 'gateway snup and (port ftp or ftp-data)'
To print traffic neither sourced from nor destined for local hosts (if
you gateway to one other net, this stuff should never make it onto
your local net).
tcpdump ip and not net localnet
To print the start and end packets (the SYN and FIN packets) of each
TCP conversation that involves a non-local host.
tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn|tcp-fin) != 0 and not src and dst net localnet'
To print IP packets longer than 576 bytes sent through gateway snup:
tcpdump 'gateway snup and ip[2:2] > 576'
To print IP broadcast or multicast packets that were not sent via eth-
ernet broadcast or multicast:
tcpdump 'ether[0] & 1 = 0 and ip[16] >= 224'
To print all ICMP packets that are not echo requests/replies (i.e.,
not ping packets):
tcpdump 'icmp[icmptype] != icmp-echo and icmp[icmptype] != icmp-echoreply'
OUTPUT FORMAT
The output of tcpdump is protocol dependent. The following gives a
brief description and examples of most of the formats.
Link Level Headers
If the '-e' option is given, the link level header is printed out. On
ethernets, the source and destination addresses, protocol, and packet
length are printed.
On FDDI networks, the '-e' option causes tcpdump to print the 'frame
control' field, the source and destination addresses, and the packet
length. (The 'frame control' field governs the interpretation of the
rest of the packet. Normal packets (such as those containing IP data-
grams) are 'async' packets, with a priority value between 0 and 7; for
example, 'async4'. Such packets are assumed to contain an 802.2 Logi-
cal Link Control (LLC) packet; the LLC header is printed if it is not
an ISO datagram or a so-called SNAP packet.
On Token Ring networks, the '-e' option causes tcpdump to print the
'access control' and 'frame control' fields, the source and destina-
tion addresses, and the packet length. As on FDDI networks, packets
are assumed to contain an LLC packet. Regardless of whether the '-e'
option is specified or not, the source routing information is printed
for source-routed packets.
On 802.11 networks, the '-e' option causes tcpdump to print the 'frame
control' fields, all of the addresses in the 802.11 header, and the
packet length. As on FDDI networks, packets are assumed to contain an
LLC packet.
(N.B.: The following description assumes familiarity with the SLIP
compression algorithm described in RFC-1144.)
On SLIP links, a direction indicator (''I'' for inbound, ''O'' for
outbound), packet type, and compression information are printed out.
The packet type is printed first. The three types are ip, utcp, and
ctcp. No further link information is printed for ip packets. For TCP
packets, the connection identifier is printed following the type. If
the packet is compressed, its encoded header is printed out. The spe-
cial cases are printed out as *S+n and *SA+n, where n is the amount by
which the sequence number (or sequence number and ack) has changed.
If it is not a special case, zero or more changes are printed. A
change is indicated by U (urgent pointer), W (window), A (ack), S
(sequence number), and I (packet ID), followed by a delta (+n or -n),
or a new value (=n). Finally, the amount of data in the packet and
compressed header length are printed.
For example, the following line shows an outbound compressed TCP
packet, with an implicit connection identifier; the ack has changed by
6, the sequence number by 49, and the packet ID by 6; there are 3
bytes of data and 6 bytes of compressed header:
O ctcp * A+6 S+49 I+6 3 (6)
ARP/RARP Packets
Arp/rarp output shows the type of request and its arguments. The for-
mat is intended to be self explanatory. Here is a short sample taken
from the start of an 'rlogin' from host rtsg to host csam:
arp who-has csam tell rtsg
arp reply csam is-at CSAM
The first line says that rtsg sent an arp packet asking for the ether-
net address of internet host csam. Csam replies with its ethernet
address (in this example, ethernet addresses are in caps and internet
addresses in lower case).
This would look less redundant if we had done tcpdump -n:
arp who-has 128.3.254.6 tell 128.3.254.68
arp reply 128.3.254.6 is-at 02:07:01:00:01:c4
If we had done tcpdump -e, the fact that the first packet is broadcast
and the second is point-to-point would be visible:
RTSG Broadcast 0806 64: arp who-has csam tell rtsg
CSAM RTSG 0806 64: arp reply csam is-at CSAM
For the first packet this says the ethernet source address is RTSG,
the destination is the ethernet broadcast address, the type field con-
tained hex 0806 (type ETHER_ARP) and the total length was 64 bytes.
TCP Packets
(N.B.:The following description assumes familiarity with the TCP pro-
tocol described in RFC-793. If you are not familiar with the proto-
col, neither this description nor tcpdump will be of much use to you.)
The general format of a tcp protocol line is:
src > dst: flags data-seqno ack window urgent options
Src and dst are the source and destination IP addresses and ports.
Flags are some combination of S (SYN), F (FIN), P (PUSH), R (RST), W
(ECN CWR) or E (ECN-Echo), or a single '.' (no flags). Data-seqno
describes the portion of sequence space covered by the data in this
packet (see example below). Ack is sequence number of the next data
expected the other direction on this connection. Window is the number
of bytes of receive buffer space available the other direction on this
connection. Urg indicates there is 'urgent' data in the packet.
Options are tcp options enclosed in angle brackets (e.g., ).
Src, dst and flags are always present. The other fields depend on the
contents of the packet's tcp protocol header and are output only if
appropriate.
Here is the opening portion of an rlogin from host rtsg to host csam.
rtsg.1023 > csam.login: S 768512:768512(0) win 4096
csam.login > rtsg.1023: S 947648:947648(0) ack 768513 win 4096
rtsg.1023 > csam.login: . ack 1 win 4096
rtsg.1023 > csam.login: P 1:2(1) ack 1 win 4096
csam.login > rtsg.1023: . ack 2 win 4096
rtsg.1023 > csam.login: P 2:21(19) ack 1 win 4096
csam.login > rtsg.1023: P 1:2(1) ack 21 win 4077
csam.login > rtsg.1023: P 2:3(1) ack 21 win 4077 urg 1
csam.login > rtsg.1023: P 3:4(1) ack 21 win 4077 urg 1
The first line says that tcp port 1023 on rtsg sent a packet to port
login on csam. The S indicates that the SYN flag was set. The packet
sequence number was 768512 and it contained no data. (The notation is
'first:last(nbytes)' which means 'sequence numbers first up to but not
including last which is nbytes bytes of user data'.) There was no
piggy-backed ack, the available receive window was 4096 bytes and
there was a max-segment-size option requesting an mss of 1024 bytes.
Csam replies with a similar packet except it includes a piggy-backed
ack for rtsg's SYN. Rtsg then acks csam's SYN. The '.' means no
flags were set. The packet contained no data so there is no data
sequence number. Note that the ack sequence number is a small integer
(1). The first time tcpdump sees a tcp 'conversation', it prints the
sequence number from the packet. On subsequent packets of the conver-
sation, the difference between the current packet's sequence number
and this initial sequence number is printed. This means that sequence
numbers after the first can be interpreted as relative byte positions
in the conversation's data stream (with the first data byte each
direction being '1'). '-S' will override this feature, causing the
original sequence numbers to be output.
On the 6th line, rtsg sends csam 19 bytes of data (bytes 2 through 20
in the rtsg -> csam side of the conversation). The PUSH flag is set in
the packet. On the 7th line, csam says it's received data sent by
rtsg up to but not including byte 21. Most of this data is apparently
sitting in the socket buffer since csam's receive window has gotten 19
bytes smaller. Csam also sends one byte of data to rtsg in this
packet. On the 8th and 9th lines, csam sends two bytes of urgent,
pushed data to rtsg.
If the snapshot was small enough that tcpdump didn't capture the full
TCP header, it interprets as much of the header as it can and then
reports ''[|tcp]'' to indicate the remainder could not be interpreted.
If the header contains a bogus option (one with a length that's either
too small or beyond the end of the header), tcpdump reports it as
''[bad opt]'' and does not interpret any further options (since it's
impossible to tell where they start). If the header length indicates
options are present but the IP datagram length is not long enough for
the options to actually be there, tcpdump reports it as ''[bad hdr
length]''.
Capturing TCP packets with particular flag combinations (SYN-ACK, URG-
ACK, etc.)
There are 8 bits in the control bits section of the TCP header:
CWR | ECE | URG | ACK | PSH | RST | SYN | FIN
Let's assume that we want to watch packets used in establishing a TCP
connection. Recall that TCP uses a 3-way handshake protocol when it
initializes a new connection; the connection sequence with regard to
the TCP control bits is
1) Caller sends SYN
2) Recipient responds with SYN, ACK
3) Caller sends ACK
Now we're interested in capturing packets that have only the SYN bit
set (Step 1). Note that we don't want packets from step 2 (SYN-ACK),
just a plain initial SYN. What we need is a correct filter expression
for tcpdump.
Recall the structure of a TCP header without options:
0 15 31
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| source port | destination port |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| sequence number |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| acknowledgment number |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| HL | rsvd |C|E|U|A|P|R|S|F| window size |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| TCP checksum | urgent pointer |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
A TCP header usually holds 20 octets of data, unless options are
present. The first line of the graph contains octets 0 - 3, the sec-
ond line shows octets 4 - 7 etc.
Starting to count with 0, the relevant TCP control bits are contained
in octet 13:
0 7| 15| 23| 31
----------------|---------------|---------------|----------------
| HL | rsvd |C|E|U|A|P|R|S|F| window size |
----------------|---------------|---------------|----------------
| | 13th octet | | |
Let's have a closer look at octet no. 13:
| |
|---------------|
|C|E|U|A|P|R|S|F|
|---------------|
|7 5 3 0|
These are the TCP control bits we are interested in. We have numbered
the bits in this octet from 0 to 7, right to left, so the PSH bit is
bit number 3, while the URG bit is number 5.
Recall that we want to capture packets with only SYN set. Let's see
what happens to octet 13 if a TCP datagram arrives with the SYN bit
set in its header:
|C|E|U|A|P|R|S|F|
|---------------|
|0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0|
|---------------|
|7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0|
Looking at the control bits section we see that only bit number 1
(SYN) is set.
Assuming that octet number 13 is an 8-bit unsigned integer in network
byte order, the binary value of this octet is
00000010
and its decimal representation is
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0*2 + 0*2 + 0*2 + 0*2 + 0*2 + 0*2 + 1*2 + 0*2 = 2
We're almost done, because now we know that if only SYN is set, the
value of the 13th octet in the TCP header, when interpreted as a 8-bit
unsigned integer in network byte order, must be exactly 2.
This relationship can be expressed as
tcp[13] == 2
We can use this expression as the filter for tcpdump in order to watch
packets which have only SYN set:
tcpdump -i xl0 tcp[13] == 2
The expression says "let the 13th octet of a TCP datagram have the
decimal value 2", which is exactly what we want.
Now, let's assume that we need to capture SYN packets, but we don't
care if ACK or any other TCP control bit is set at the same time.
Let's see what happens to octet 13 when a TCP datagram with SYN-ACK
set arrives:
|C|E|U|A|P|R|S|F|
|---------------|
|0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0|
|---------------|
|7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0|
Now bits 1 and 4 are set in the 13th octet. The binary value of octet
13 is
00010010
which translates to decimal
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0*2 + 0*2 + 0*2 + 1*2 + 0*2 + 0*2 + 1*2 + 0*2 = 18
Now we can't just use 'tcp[13] == 18' in the tcpdump filter expres-
sion, because that would select only those packets that have SYN-ACK
set, but not those with only SYN set. Remember that we don't care if
ACK or any other control bit is set as long as SYN is set.
In order to achieve our goal, we need to logically AND the binary
value of octet 13 with some other value to preserve the SYN bit. We
know that we want SYN to be set in any case, so we'll logically AND
the value in the 13th octet with the binary value of a SYN:
00010010 SYN-ACK 00000010 SYN
AND 00000010 (we want SYN) AND 00000010 (we want SYN)
-------- --------
= 00000010 = 00000010
We see that this AND operation delivers the same result regardless
whether ACK or another TCP control bit is set. The decimal represen-
tation of the AND value as well as the result of this operation is 2
(binary 00000010), so we know that for packets with SYN set the fol-
lowing relation must hold true:
( ( value of octet 13 ) AND ( 2 ) ) == ( 2 )
This points us to the tcpdump filter expression
tcpdump -i xl0 'tcp[13] & 2 == 2'
Note that you should use single quotes or a backslash in the expres-
sion to hide the AND ('&') special character from the shell.
UDP Packets
UDP format is illustrated by this rwho packet:
actinide.who > broadcast.who: udp 84
This says that port who on host actinide sent a udp datagram to port
who on host broadcast, the Internet broadcast address. The packet
contained 84 bytes of user data.
Some UDP services are recognized (from the source or destination port
number) and the higher level protocol information printed. In partic-
ular, Domain Name service requests (RFC-1034/1035) and Sun RPC calls
(RFC-1050) to NFS.
UDP Name Server Requests
(N.B.:The following description assumes familiarity with the Domain
Service protocol described in RFC-1035. If you are not familiar with
the protocol, the following description will appear to be written in
greek.)
Name server requests are formatted as
src > dst: id op? flags qtype qclass name (len)
h2opolo.1538 > helios.domain: 3+ A? ucbvax.berkeley.edu. (37)
Host h2opolo asked the domain server on helios for an address record
(qtype=A) associated with the name ucbvax.berkeley.edu. The query id
was '3'. The '+' indicates the recursion desired flag was set. The
query length was 37 bytes, not including the UDP and IP protocol head-
ers. The query operation was the normal one, Query, so the op field
was omitted. If the op had been anything else, it would have been
printed between the '3' and the '+'. Similarly, the qclass was the
normal one, C_IN, and omitted. Any other qclass would have been
printed immediately after the 'A'.
A few anomalies are checked and may result in extra fields enclosed in
square brackets: If a query contains an answer, authority records or
additional records section, ancount, nscount, or arcount are printed
as '[na]', '[nn]' or '[nau]' where n is the appropriate count. If
any of the response bits are set (AA, RA or rcode) or any of the 'must
be zero' bits are set in bytes two and three, '[b2&3=x]' is printed,
where x is the hex value of header bytes two and three.
UDP Name Server Responses
Name server responses are formatted as
src > dst: id op rcode flags a/n/au type class data (len)
helios.domain > h2opolo.1538: 3 3/3/7 A 128.32.137.3 (273)
helios.domain > h2opolo.1537: 2 NXDomain* 0/1/0 (97)
In the first example, helios responds to query id 3 from h2opolo with
3 answer records, 3 name server records and 7 additional records. The
first answer record is type A (address) and its data is internet
address 128.32.137.3. The total size of the response was 273 bytes,
excluding UDP and IP headers. The op (Query) and response code (NoEr-
ror) were omitted, as was the class (C_IN) of the A record.
In the second example, helios responds to query 2 with a response code
of non-existent domain (NXDomain) with no answers, one name server and
no authority records. The '*' indicates that the authoritative answer
bit was set. Since there were no answers, no type, class or data were
printed.
Other flag characters that might appear are '-' (recursion available,
RA, not set) and '|' (truncated message, TC, set). If the 'question'
section doesn't contain exactly one entry, '[nq]' is printed.
Note that name server requests and responses tend to be large and the
default snaplen of 68 bytes may not capture enough of the packet to
print. Use the -s flag to increase the snaplen if you need to seri-
ously investigate name server traffic. '-s 128' has worked well for
me.
SMB/CIFS decoding
tcpdump now includes fairly extensive SMB/CIFS/NBT decoding for data
on UDP/137, UDP/138 and TCP/139. Some primitive decoding of IPX and
NetBEUI SMB data is also done.
By default a fairly minimal decode is done, with a much more detailed
decode done if -v is used. Be warned that with -v a single SMB packet
may take up a page or more, so only use -v if you really want all the
gory details.
If you are decoding SMB sessions containing unicode strings then you
may wish to set the environment variable USE_UNICODE to 1. A patch to
auto-detect unicode strings would be welcome.
For information on SMB packet formats and what all te fields mean see
www.cifs.org or the pub/samba/specs/ directory on your favorite
samba.org mirror site. The SMB patches were written by Andrew
Tridgell (tridge@samba.org).
NFS Requests and Replies
Sun NFS (Network File System) requests and replies are printed as:
src.xid > dst.nfs: len op args
src.nfs > dst.xid: reply stat len op results
sushi.6709 > wrl.nfs: 112 readlink fh 21,24/10.73165
wrl.nfs > sushi.6709: reply ok 40 readlink "../var"
sushi.201b > wrl.nfs:
144 lookup fh 9,74/4096.6878 "xcolors"
wrl.nfs > sushi.201b:
reply ok 128 lookup fh 9,74/4134.3150
In the first line, host sushi sends a transaction with id 6709 to wrl
(note that the number following the src host is a transaction id, not
the source port). The request was 112 bytes, excluding the UDP and IP
headers. The operation was a readlink (read symbolic link) on file
handle (fh) 21,24/10.731657119. (If one is lucky, as in this case,
the file handle can be interpreted as a major,minor device number
pair, followed by the inode number and generation number.) Wrl
replies 'ok' with the contents of the link.
In the third line, sushi asks wrl to lookup the name 'xcolors' in
directory file 9,74/4096.6878. Note that the data printed depends on
the operation type. The format is intended to be self explanatory if
read in conjunction with an NFS protocol spec.
If the -v (verbose) flag is given, additional information is printed.
For example:
sushi.1372a > wrl.nfs:
148 read fh 21,11/12.195 8192 bytes @ 24576
wrl.nfs > sushi.1372a:
reply ok 1472 read REG 100664 ids 417/0 sz 29388
(-v also prints the IP header TTL, ID, length, and fragmentation
fields, which have been omitted from this example.) In the first
line, sushi asks wrl to read 8192 bytes from file 21,11/12.195, at
byte offset 24576. Wrl replies 'ok'; the packet shown on the second
line is the first fragment of the reply, and hence is only 1472 bytes
long (the other bytes will follow in subsequent fragments, but these
fragments do not have NFS or even UDP headers and so might not be
printed, depending on the filter expression used). Because the -v
flag is given, some of the file attributes (which are returned in
addition to the file data) are printed: the file type (''REG'', for
regular file), the file mode (in octal), the uid and gid, and the file
size.
If the -v flag is given more than once, even more details are printed.
Note that NFS requests are very large and much of the detail won't be
printed unless snaplen is increased. Try using '-s 192' to watch NFS
traffic.
NFS reply packets do not explicitly identify the RPC operation.
Instead, tcpdump keeps track of ''recent'' requests, and matches them
to the replies using the transaction ID. If a reply does not closely
follow the corresponding request, it might not be parsable.
AFS Requests and Replies
Transarc AFS (Andrew File System) requests and replies are printed as:
src.sport > dst.dport: rx packet-type
src.sport > dst.dport: rx packet-type service call call-name args
src.sport > dst.dport: rx packet-type service reply call-name args
elvis.7001 > pike.afsfs:
rx data fs call rename old fid 536876964/1/1 ".newsrc.new"
new fid 536876964/1/1 ".newsrc"
pike.afsfs > elvis.7001: rx data fs reply rename
In the first line, host elvis sends a RX packet to pike. This was a
RX data packet to the fs (fileserver) service, and is the start of an
RPC call. The RPC call was a rename, with the old directory file id
of 536876964/1/1 and an old filename of '.newsrc.new', and a new
directory file id of 536876964/1/1 and a new filename of '.newsrc'.
The host pike responds with a RPC reply to the rename call (which was
successful, because it was a data packet and not an abort packet).
In general, all AFS RPCs are decoded at least by RPC call name. Most
AFS RPCs have at least some of the arguments decoded (generally only
the 'interesting' arguments, for some definition of interesting).
The format is intended to be self-describing, but it will probably not
be useful to people who are not familiar with the workings of AFS and
RX.
If the -v (verbose) flag is given twice, acknowledgement packets and
additional header information is printed, such as the the RX call ID,
call number, sequence number, serial number, and the RX packet flags.
If the -v flag is given twice, additional information is printed, such
as the the RX call ID, serial number, and the RX packet flags. The
MTU negotiation information is also printed from RX ack packets.
If the -v flag is given three times, the security index and service id
are printed.
Error codes are printed for abort packets, with the exception of Ubik
beacon packets (because abort packets are used to signify a yes vote
for the Ubik protocol).
Note that AFS requests are very large and many of the arguments won't
be printed unless snaplen is increased. Try using '-s 256' to watch
AFS traffic.
AFS reply packets do not explicitly identify the RPC operation.
Instead, tcpdump keeps track of ''recent'' requests, and matches them
to the replies using the call number and service ID. If a reply does
not closely follow the corresponding request, it might not be
parsable.
KIP AppleTalk (DDP in UDP)
AppleTalk DDP packets encapsulated in UDP datagrams are de-encapsu-
lated and dumped as DDP packets (i.e., all the UDP header information
is discarded). The file /etc/atalk.names is used to translate
AppleTalk net and node numbers to names. Lines in this file have the
form
number name
1.254 ether
16.1 icsd-net
1.254.110 ace
The first two lines give the names of AppleTalk networks. The third
line gives the name of a particular host (a host is distinguished from
a net by the 3rd octet in the number - a net number must have two
octets and a host number must have three octets.) The number and name
should be separated by whitespace (blanks or tabs). The
/etc/atalk.names file may contain blank lines or comment lines (lines
starting with a '#').
AppleTalk addresses are printed in the form
net.host.port
144.1.209.2 > icsd-net.112.220
office.2 > icsd-net.112.220
jssmag.149.235 > icsd-net.2
(If the /etc/atalk.names doesn't exist or doesn't contain an entry for
some AppleTalk host/net number, addresses are printed in numeric
form.) In the first example, NBP (DDP port 2) on net 144.1 node 209
is sending to whatever is listening on port 220 of net icsd node 112.
The second line is the same except the full name of the source node is
known ('office'). The third line is a send from port 235 on net jss-
mag node 149 to broadcast on the icsd-net NBP port (note that the
broadcast address (255) is indicated by a net name with no host number
- for this reason it's a good idea to keep node names and net names
distinct in /etc/atalk.names).
NBP (name binding protocol) and ATP (AppleTalk transaction protocol)
packets have their contents interpreted. Other protocols just dump
the protocol name (or number if no name is registered for the proto-
col) and packet size.
NBP packets are formatted like the following examples:
icsd-net.112.220 > jssmag.2: nbp-lkup 190: "=:LaserWriter@*"
jssmag.209.2 > icsd-net.112.220: nbp-reply 190: "RM1140:LaserWriter@*" 250
techpit.2 > icsd-net.112.220: nbp-reply 190: "techpit:LaserWriter@*" 186
The first line is a name lookup request for laserwriters sent by net
icsd host 112 and broadcast on net jssmag. The nbp id for the lookup
is 190. The second line shows a reply for this request (note that it
has the same id) from host jssmag.209 saying that it has a laserwriter
resource named "RM1140" registered on port 250. The third line is
another reply to the same request saying host techpit has laserwriter
"techpit" registered on port 186.
ATP packet formatting is demonstrated by the following example:
jssmag.209.165 > helios.132: atp-req 12266<0-7> 0xae030001
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:0 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:1 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:2 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:3 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:4 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:5 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:6 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp*12266:7 (512) 0xae040000
jssmag.209.165 > helios.132: atp-req 12266<3,5> 0xae030001
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:3 (512) 0xae040000
helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:5 (512) 0xae040000
jssmag.209.165 > helios.132: atp-rel 12266<0-7> 0xae030001
jssmag.209.133 > helios.132: atp-req* 12267<0-7> 0xae030002
Jssmag.209 initiates transaction id 12266 with host helios by request-
ing up to 8 packets (the '<0-7>'). The hex number at the end of the
line is the value of the 'userdata' field in the request.
Helios responds with 8 512-byte packets. The ':digit' following the
transaction id gives the packet sequence number in the transaction and
the number in parens is the amount of data in the packet, excluding
the atp header. The '*' on packet 7 indicates that the EOM bit was
set.
Jssmag.209 then requests that packets 3 & 5 be retransmitted. Helios
resends them then jssmag.209 releases the transaction. Finally, jss-
mag.209 initiates the next request. The '*' on the request indicates
that XO ('exactly once') was not set.
IP Fragmentation
Fragmented Internet datagrams are printed as
(frag id:size@offset+)
(frag id:size@offset)
(The first form indicates there are more fragments. The second indi-
cates this is the last fragment.)
Id is the fragment id. Size is the fragment size (in bytes) excluding
the IP header. Offset is this fragment's offset (in bytes) in the
original datagram.
The fragment information is output for each fragment. The first frag-
ment contains the higher level protocol header and the frag info is
printed after the protocol info. Fragments after the first contain no
higher level protocol header and the frag info is printed after the
source and destination addresses. For example, here is part of an ftp
from arizona.edu to lbl-rtsg.arpa over a CSNET connection that doesn't
appear to handle 576 byte datagrams:
arizona.ftp-data > rtsg.1170: . 1024:1332(308) ack 1 win 4096 (frag 595a:328@0+)
arizona > rtsg: (frag 595a:204@328)
rtsg.1170 > arizona.ftp-data: . ack 1536 win 2560
There are a couple of things to note here: First, addresses in the
2nd line don't include port numbers. This is because the TCP protocol
information is all in the first fragment and we have no idea what the
port or sequence numbers are when we print the later fragments. Sec-
ond, the tcp sequence information in the first line is printed as if
there were 308 bytes of user data when, in fact, there are 512 bytes
(308 in the first frag and 204 in the second). If you are looking for
holes in the sequence space or trying to match up acks with packets,
this can fool you.
A packet with the IP don't fragment flag is marked with a trailing
(DF).
Timestamps
By default, all output lines are preceded by a timestamp. The times-
tamp is the current clock time in the form
hh:mm:ss.frac
and is as accurate as the kernel's clock. The timestamp reflects the
time the kernel first saw the packet. No attempt is made to account
for the time lag between when the ethernet interface removed the
packet from the wire and when the kernel serviced the 'new packet'
interrupt.
SEE ALSO
stty(1), pcap(3), bpf(4), nit(4P), pfconfig(8)
AUTHORS
The original authors are:
Van Jacobson, Craig Leres and Steven McCanne, all of the Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
It is currently being maintained by tcpdump.org.
The current version is available via http:
http://www.tcpdump.org/
The original distribution is available via anonymous ftp:
ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/tcpdump.tar.Z
IPv6/IPsec support is added by WIDE/KAME project. This program uses
Eric Young's SSLeay library, under specific configuration.
BUGS
Please send problems, bugs, questions, desirable enhancements, etc.
to:
tcpdump-workers@tcpdump.org
Please send source code contributions, etc. to:
patches@tcpdump.org
NIT doesn't let you watch your own outbound traffic, BPF will. We
recommend that you use the latter.
On Linux systems with 2.0[.x] kernels:
packets on the loopback device will be seen twice;
packet filtering cannot be done in the kernel, so that all
packets must be copied from the kernel in order to be filtered
in user mode;
all of a packet, not just the part that's within the snapshot
length, will be copied from the kernel (the 2.0[.x] packet cap-
ture mechanism, if asked to copy only part of a packet to user-
land, will not report the true length of the packet; this would
cause most IP packets to get an error from tcpdump);
capturing on some PPP devices won't work correctly.
We recommend that you upgrade to a 2.2 or later kernel.
Some attempt should be made to reassemble IP fragments or, at least to
compute the right length for the higher level protocol.
Name server inverse queries are not dumped correctly: the (empty)
question section is printed rather than real query in the answer sec-
tion. Some believe that inverse queries are themselves a bug and pre-
fer to fix the program generating them rather than tcpdump.
A packet trace that crosses a daylight savings time change will give
skewed time stamps (the time change is ignored).
Filter expressions on fields other than those in Token Ring headers
will not correctly handle source-routed Token Ring packets.
Filter expressions on fields other than those in 802.11 headers will
not correctly handle 802.11 data packets with both To DS and From DS
set.
ip6 proto should chase header chain, but at this moment it does not.
ip6 protochain is supplied for this behavior.
Arithmetic expression against transport layer headers, like tcp[0],
does not work against IPv6 packets. It only looks at IPv4 packets.
22 March 2004 TCPDUMP(8)
UNIX/Linux commands referenced on this page: